Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: rationale, challenges and potential.
结直肠癌的免疫治疗:理由、挑战和潜力
Abstract
Following initial successes in melanoma treatment, immunotherapy has rapidly become established as a major treatment modality for multiple types of solid cancers, including a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs). Two programmed cell death 1 (PD1)-blocking antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, have shown efficacy in patients with metastatic CRC that is mismatch-repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H), and have been granted accelerated FDA approval. In contrast to most other treatments for metastatic cancer, immunotherapy achieves long-term durable remission in a subset of patients, highlighting the tremendous promise of immunotherapy in treating dMMR-MSI-H metastatic CRC.
免疫疗法在治疗黑素瘤上取得初步成功之后,已迅速成为多类实体癌的主要治疗方式,其中包括部分结直肠癌(CRC)。两种PD1阻断抗体—派姆单抗和纳武单抗,已显示出对错配修复缺陷和微卫星高度不稳定(dMMR-/MSI-H)的转移性CRC患者的疗效,并且获得FDA批准。与大多数转移性癌症的治疗方法相反,免疫疗法在一部分患者中实现了长期持久的缓解,突出了免疫疗法在治疗dMMR-MSI-H转移性CRC中的巨大前景。
Here, we review the clinical development of immune checkpoint inhibition in CRC leading to regulatory approvals for the treatment of dMMR-MSI-H CRC. We focus on new advances in expanding the efficacy of immunotherapy to early-stage CRC and CRC that is mismatch-repair-proficient and has low microsatellite instability (pMMR-MSI-L) and discuss emerging approaches for targeting the immune microenvironment, which might complement immune checkpoint inhibition.
在这里,我们回顾了从CRC中免疫检查点抑制的临床发展到治疗dMMR-MSI-H CRC获得监管部门批准。我们专注于将免疫疗法的功效扩展到具有错配修复能力且具有低微卫星不稳定性(pMMR-MSI-L)的早期CRC和CRC病情发展的控制上,并讨论了针对免疫微环境的新兴方法,其可能是辅助免疫检查点抑制的新疗法。
PD-1(programmed cell death protein 1)程序性死亡受体1,是一种重要的免疫抑制分子。
Pembrolizumab(派姆单抗,KEYTRUDA)是一种单克隆抗体,可与PD-1受体结合,阻断它与PD-L1和PD-L2相互作用,通过PD-1通路介导的免疫反应对肿瘤起到抑制作用,其中包括抗肿瘤免疫反应。在同基因型小鼠的肿瘤模型中,KEYTRUDA可阻断PD-1活性而减缓肿瘤生长速度。
Nivolumab(纳武单抗,OPDIVO)是一种作用于人程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1) 的阻断抗体。PD-1配体(PD-L1和PD-L2) 与T细胞上的PD-1受体的结合,抑制T-细胞增殖和细胞因子产生。部分肿瘤细胞中有PD-1配体上调,从而通过此信号通路抑制活性免疫T细胞对肿瘤的监控。
dMMR-/MSI-H:微卫星高度不稳定(MSI-H)和错配修复功能缺陷(dMMR)代表两种不同检测方法所产生的结果,但它们代表的临床指导意义非常类似, MSI-H可以被认为是等同为dMMR。
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